Anakara Publishing

Sporun Yaşam Becerilerine Yönelik Etkisi: Astsubay ve Subaylar Üzerine Bir Çalışma

2026-02-25T14:52:10+03:00

Sport holds an important place in the training and professional lives of officers and non-commissioned officers serving within the Turkish Armed Forces. At the same time, the Turkish Armed Forces is an institution that places significant importance on sports and physical activities. One of the main reasons for this is that participation in physical activities helps personnel stay away from stress, maintain a healthier and higher quality life, and make positive contributions to both their professional and daily lives.

Life skills are the abilities that enable individuals to progress through the different stages of change and development in their lives and to cope with potential problems by possessing the necessary competencies in advance. Life skills include abilities such as adaptability, flexibility, adjustment, and self-expression. The impact of sport on developing these skills and the process of transferring them to society in a professional context are examined as a whole. In this study, the effect of sport on the life skills of officers and non-commissioned officers, who are closely engaged with society, is analyzed from a professional perspective, and its impact on life skills is compared according to specific criteria.

In our study, the contribution of sport—an enduring element throughout the professional careers of officers and non-commissioned officers who have earned the trust and respect of society—to the development of their life skills is examined in an integrated manner, alongside their duty-oriented professional experiences. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed examination of the impact of sport, which has positive effects across various platforms, on the life skills of officers and non-commissioned officers, as well as the significant contributions of this impact to society.

The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

2026-02-22T18:04:43+03:00

The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria provides a systematic account of the religious beliefs and practices of ancient Mesopotamia based on the Assyriological research available at the end of the nineteenth century. Morris Jastrow gathers and organizes material scattered across scholarly monographs and periodicals in order to present a coherent survey of Babylonian and Assyrian religion.

The book examines the pantheon of Mesopotamian deities, temple worship, priesthood, divination, mythology, cosmology, and ritual practice. It discusses the development of religious ideas alongside political and cultural history, tracing how local cults and city gods were integrated into broader theological systems. Jastrow evaluates competing scholarly interpretations and distinguishes between established conclusions and conjectural reconstructions.

Written as part of a handbook series, the volume aims to serve both students and specialists by synthesizing contemporary research while contributing original analysis to ongoing debates in Assyriology.

The Faith of Islam

2026-02-22T17:18:00+03:00

The Faith of Islam examines the doctrinal structure and practical influence of Islam as understood in the late nineteenth century. Edward Sell does not recount the life of Muhammad or the political expansion of Muslim states; instead, he focuses on the religious system derived from the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and Islamic jurisprudence. Drawing upon Muslim authorities and his experience in India, he analyzes the foundations of Islamic law, theology, and religious practice, including the authority of the ‘Ulamá, the role of fatwás, and the principle of ijtihād.

Sell presents Islam as a comprehensive and binding system shaping both individual conduct and state organization. He addresses the continuity of orthodox belief, the interaction between Islam and colonial modernity in India, and the influence of reform movements such as Wahhábism. The work reflects a missionary and Anglican perspective, evaluating Islam in relation to Christian theology and imperial governance.

Religion and Art in Ancient Greece

2026-02-22T19:25:04+03:00

Religion and Art in Ancient Greece examines the relationship between Greek religious belief and artistic expression. Ernest Arthur Gardner focuses on the Olympian pantheon and the visual representation of the gods, arguing that Greek religion is best understood not only through its primitive origins but through its mature artistic and civic forms. Rather than emphasizing anthropological speculation about ritual origins, the book studies religion as it appeared in temples, sculpture, and public cult.

Gardner explores how artistic ideals shaped religious imagination and how religious worship influenced artistic production. The work discusses major periods of Greek art and considers selected examples of divine imagery, while avoiding exhaustive iconographic catalogues. The volume serves as an introduction to the interaction between religious thought, state worship, and artistic achievement in ancient Greece.

Ten Great Religions

2026-02-22T16:47:35+03:00

Ten Great Religions presents a comparative study of major world religions, written with the aim of introducing readers to their principal doctrines, historical development, and distinctive practices. Expanding upon a series of earlier essays published in The Atlantic Monthly, James Freeman Clarke seeks to summarize the results of modern scholarship and make them accessible in a single volume.

The book surveys traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, emphasizing both their internal coherence and their moral and spiritual contributions. Clarke approaches the subject from a liberal Protestant perspective, yet attempts to treat each religion with fairness and sympathy. His method reflects nineteenth-century comparative theology, combining historical description with moral evaluation.

The work belongs to an early phase of comparative religion in the United States, when scholars and theologians sought to understand non-Christian traditions within a broader framework of religious development and human progress.

The Religions of India

2026-02-22T18:36:42+03:00

The Religions of India surveys the historical development of religious thought and practice in the Indian subcontinent. Edward Washburn Hopkins draws upon Vedic literature, Brahmanical texts, epic tradition, and later devotional movements in order to present a structured account of Indian religious life. The book follows the evolution from early Vedic religion through Brahmanism and Upanishadic speculation to Buddhism and later Hindu developments.

Attention is given to ritual practice, priesthood, mythology, concepts of sacrifice, karma, rebirth, and liberation. Hopkins relies on philological research and textual analysis, reflecting late nineteenth-century Indological scholarship. The volume forms part of a handbook series intended to summarize established results of research rather than propose speculative theories.

The Varieties of Religious Experience

2026-02-22T17:41:08+03:00

The Varieties of Religious Experience is based on lectures William James delivered in Edinburgh on the psychology of religion. The book studies religion as a matter of personal experience rather than church doctrine or institutional belief. James focuses on conversion, mysticism, saintliness, and other intense forms of religious feeling, drawing on autobiographical accounts and case material.

Instead of asking whether religious beliefs are true in a theological sense, James asks what they mean for the life of the individual. He examines how religious experience affects character, conduct, and moral outlook. The emphasis remains on lived experience, inner struggle, and transformation.

The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life

2026-02-22T16:59:49+03:00

The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life analyzes what Durkheim identifies as the most elementary form of religion observable in ethnographic records, focusing on Australian totemism. The study seeks to determine the fundamental elements common to all religions by examining the simplest known religious organization. Rather than treating religion as illusion or error, Durkheim approaches it as a social fact grounded in collective life.

The book develops the distinction between the sacred and the profane and examines rites, myths, and collective representations as expressions of social reality. Religious symbols are interpreted as representations of society itself, and ritual is understood as reinforcing collective solidarity. Durkheim further connects religious life to the formation of fundamental categories of thought, including time, space, and causality, arguing that these emerge from social experience.

The Religious Experience of the Roman People

2026-02-22T19:03:35+03:00

The Religious Experience of the Roman People is based on the Gifford Lectures delivered by William Warde Fowler and presents a historical study of Roman religion from its earliest phases to its transformation under external influences. The work traces the development of religious life in the Roman city-state, examining early ritual practices, priesthoods, festivals, and the formal structure of public worship.

Fowler argues that the original religious instinct of the Romans gradually became rigid through excessive ritual formalism, while new religious impulses re-emerged during periods of crisis, particularly from the Punic Wars onward. The book considers the interaction between native Roman cults and foreign influences, including Oriental religions, and reflects on the political and social dimensions of Roman religio.

Written for a general audience but grounded in contemporary classical scholarship, the volume combines historical narrative with interpretative analysis of Roman religious mentality.

Religions of Ancient China

2026-02-21T17:27:26+03:00

Religions of Ancient China presents a concise yet critical examination of the religious traditions that shaped early Chinese civilization. Drawing upon classical Chinese texts and historical records, Herbert Allen Giles analyzes the foundations of ancestral worship, the concept of Heaven (Tian), and the moral philosophy associated with Confucian teaching. The work questions whether Confucianism constitutes a religion in the formal sense, emphasizing instead its ethical and social dimensions.

Giles further explores Daoism and popular religious practices, distinguishing between philosophical speculation and later ritualistic developments. The book situates Chinese religious life within its political and cultural framework, arguing that early Chinese belief systems were closely interwoven with statecraft, social order, and ancestral continuity rather than doctrinal theology.

Written from a late nineteenth-century sinological perspective, the study reflects Western scholarly attempts to interpret Chinese civilization through comparative religious categories. The volume remains valuable for understanding early academic approaches to Chinese religion and the intellectual climate in which modern Sinology emerged.

The Religious Life of London

2026-02-21T19:22:21+03:00

The Religious Life of London presents a detailed portrait of religious institutions and practices in Victorian London. James Ewing Ritchie surveys the condition of the Church of England, Nonconformist communities, and other religious bodies within the social structure of the metropolis. Engaging contemporary criticism—both domestic and foreign—the author considers questions of church attendance, clerical influence, class divisions, and the growing distance between established institutions and sections of the urban population.

Particular attention is given to the contrast between the State Church and Dissent, and to the claim that Nonconformity more effectively addresses the religious needs of the working classes. The book situates religious life within broader debates about secularism, social reform, and the moral character of modern urban society. Rather than offering theological argument, it describes the institutional realities and public presence of religion in London during the nineteenth century.

Christian Science

2026-02-21T20:26:07+03:00

Christian Science is Mark Twain’s critical examination of the religious movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy. The book is divided into two parts. The first contains earlier writings, revised and corrected by the author. The second presents a portrait of Mrs. Eddy based on her published words, institutional acts, and the legal structure she created to govern the movement.

Twain analyzes the doctrines, organization, and authority of Christian Science, paying particular attention to the concentration of power in its founder. His discussion combines skepticism, satire, and close reading of official texts. Rather than treating Christian Science as a purely theological question, he approaches it as a social and institutional phenomenon shaped by personality, discipline, and law.

The work belongs to the wider American debate over new religious movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Buddhism in the Modern World

2026-02-21T18:58:40+03:00

Buddhism in the Modern World examines Buddhism as a living and adaptive religious tradition in the early twentieth century. Kenneth James Saunders argues that while many studies focus on the historical origins of Buddhism, greater significance lies in observing its contemporary vitality and reform movements across Southern and Eastern Asia. Based on over a decade of direct engagement with Buddhist communities, the work evaluates the dynamic forces shaping modern Buddhist thought and practice rather than concentrating solely on perceived degeneration.

Written from a Christian missionary perspective, the book explores the interaction between Buddhism and modernity, as well as the encounter between Buddhist societies and Christian missions. Saunders suggests that elements within Asian religious traditions have been reshaped through contact with Christianity and that reform movements reflect broader spiritual and ethical transformation. The study does not treat Tibetan Buddhism in detail, focusing instead on regions where the author had direct experience.

The volume represents an early twentieth-century missionary interpretation of Buddhism during a period of religious reform and cross-cultural exchange.

Preface to Androcles and the Lion: On the Prospects of Christianity

2026-02-21T19:59:42+03:00

Preface to Androcles and the Lion: On the Prospects of Christianity presents George Bernard Shaw’s critical examination of Christianity as a social and political force. Written as an extended preface to his play Androcles and the Lion, the essay distinguishes between the historical Jesus and the institutional structures that later developed in his name. Shaw contrasts what he calls the ethical and social radicalism of Jesus with the established moral, political, and economic systems that claim Christian authority.

Rejecting both conventional piety and simple scepticism, Shaw argues that the practical teachings attributed to Jesus—particularly regarding social organization, property, punishment, and moral responsibility—have never been seriously attempted in political life. The work reflects Shaw’s engagement with socialism, economics, and modern political theory, framing Christianity less as a theological doctrine than as a social program whose implications remain unrealized.

Combining satire, historical reflection, and political commentary, the preface stands as a significant example of early twentieth-century religious and social criticism.

Shinto: The Ancient Religion of Japan

2026-02-21T17:45:17+03:00

Shinto: The Ancient Religion of Japan offers a historical and textual examination of Japan’s indigenous religious tradition. William George Aston traces the origins of Shinto belief to early mythological narratives preserved in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, analyzing the development of kami worship, ritual purity, and imperial legitimacy. Rather than presenting Shinto as a systematic theology, Aston emphasizes its ritual character, mythic foundations, and close integration with the Japanese state.

The work explores the transformation of Shinto through its interaction with Buddhism and Confucianism, particularly during the classical and medieval periods. Special attention is given to shrine practices, priesthood structures, and the political function of Shinto in reinforcing imperial authority. Aston approaches the subject from a late nineteenth-century scholarly perspective, employing philological analysis and comparative religious frameworks common to early Japanology.

This study remains significant for understanding Western interpretations of Shinto prior to modern anthropological and sociological approaches. It provides valuable insight into how Japan’s ancient religious traditions were conceptualized during a period of intense intellectual exchange between Japan and Europe.

The Confessions of Al Ghazzali

2026-02-21T19:35:54+03:00

The Confessions of Al Ghazzali presents an autobiographical account of the intellectual and spiritual crisis of the eleventh-century Muslim theologian Abu Hamid al-Ghazali. In this work, Ghazzali recounts his early training in scholastic theology, his engagement with philosophy, and his eventual dissatisfaction with purely rational inquiry. He describes a period of deep skepticism from which he claims to have emerged not through systematic argument alone but through an inner illumination granted by God.

The narrative surveys the principal intellectual currents of his time: the scholastic theologians, the philosophers influenced by Greek logic, and the Sufis who emphasized experiential knowledge. Rejecting the sufficiency of speculative philosophy, Ghazzali turns toward Sufism as a path to certainty grounded in spiritual discipline and inward transformation. His withdrawal from his prestigious professorship in Baghdad, subsequent travels, and devotional retreat form part of this search for authentic knowledge.

The text occupies an important place in Islamic intellectual history as a rare example of medieval spiritual autobiography and as a statement of the reconciliation between Sunni orthodoxy and Sufi spirituality.

The Influence of Buddhism on Primitive Christianity

2026-02-21T19:11:25+03:00

The Influence of Buddhism on Primitive Christianity advances the controversial thesis that early Christianity was significantly shaped by Buddhist influence transmitted through Essene communities. Arthur Lillie argues that elements of the New Testament should be understood as parabolic rather than strictly historical narratives and contends that Jesus himself was connected to Essene monasticism. According to the work, Essenism—and consequently primitive Christianity—owed intellectual and spiritual debts to earlier Buddhist missionary activity in the Hellenistic world.

Drawing upon comparative religious analysis, patristic references, and nineteenth-century scholarship, Lillie examines parallels between Buddhist and early Christian teachings, monastic practices, and ethical doctrines. The book situates its argument within broader debates on religious transmission following the conquests of Alexander the Great and reflects contemporary European interest in comparative religion and Oriental studies.

Although highly speculative by modern academic standards, the volume remains historically significant as an example of late nineteenth-century attempts to reinterpret Christian origins through cross-cultural religious comparison.

Key to the Science of Theology

2026-02-21T20:10:09+03:00

Key to the Science of Theology presents Parley P. Pratt’s systematic exposition of theological principles within the framework of the Latter-day Saint movement. Written in the mid-nineteenth century, the work argues that religious knowledge must advance alongside scientific and intellectual progress. Pratt contends that traditional creeds have become rigid and inadequate for an age of discovery and communication, and he calls for a reorganization of religious thought based on revealed knowledge rather than inherited opinion.

The volume outlines what the author terms a “science of theology,” drawing upon scripture, prophecy, reason, and analogy. Emphasis is placed on divine revelation, millennial expectation, and the possibility of unified religious truth grounded in knowledge rather than sectarian division. Pratt presents theology as an ordered and rational system capable of harmonizing spiritual and material realities.

The work reflects early Mormon doctrinal development and nineteenth-century religious reform currents, offering insight into the intellectual foundations of the Latter-day Saint tradition.

The Religion of Ancient Egypt

2026-02-21T18:46:38+03:00

The Religion of Ancient Egypt examines the principal religious beliefs and cultic practices of Pharaonic Egypt through archaeological and textual evidence. William Matthew Flinders Petrie analyzes the development of Egyptian concepts of divinity, temple ritual, and funerary tradition, emphasizing how religious ideas evolved over time rather than remaining static. The study discusses the roles of major deities, priesthood structures, sacred kingship, and moral order within Egyptian society.

Rather than presenting a purely mythological narrative, Petrie approaches Egyptian religion as a historical system shaped by political change, regional variation, and theological synthesis. Particular attention is given to the ethical principle commonly associated with Ma’at and to the relationship between divine authority and royal legitimacy. Written from an early twentieth-century archaeological perspective, the book reflects the methodological priorities of emerging scientific Egyptology.

The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ

2026-02-21T19:46:14+03:00

The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ recounts Nicolas Notovitch’s claim to have discovered Tibetan manuscripts describing the previously undocumented years of Jesus’ life. According to the author, these chronicles—allegedly preserved at the Hemis monastery in Ladakh—relate that Jesus traveled to India and Tibet during his youth, where he studied Buddhist teachings before returning to Palestine.

The work combines travel narrative with a translated account of the supposed manuscripts and includes the author’s defense of their authenticity. Notovitch describes his journey through India and Ladakh, his stay among Buddhist monks, and the circumstances under which he obtained access to the texts. He further recounts attempts to secure ecclesiastical approval for publication in Europe.

The book generated considerable controversy upon publication and was widely criticized by scholars and church authorities. Despite its disputed status, it became influential in popular and esoteric discussions concerning cross-cultural religious contact and the “lost years” of Jesus.

The Christian Mythology

2026-02-20T16:03:40+03:00

This work presents a comparative and critical examination of Christian mythology within the broader framework of ancient religious traditions. Brigham Leatherbee explores parallels between Christian narratives and earlier mythological systems of the Near East and the Mediterranean world, arguing that many theological symbols, doctrines, and sacred stories developed within a shared mythic environment. The volume analyzes themes such as divine incarnation, sacrificial redemption, resurrection, virgin birth traditions, solar symbolism, and apocalyptic expectation, placing them alongside analogous motifs in Egyptian, Persian, Babylonian, Greek, and Roman belief systems.

Rather than approaching Christianity solely as a revealed religion, the author situates it within the historical evolution of myth, ritual, and symbolic thought. The study engages questions of syncretism, textual formation, and the transmission of religious ideas across cultures. By examining scriptural narratives through the lens of comparative mythology, Leatherbee seeks to illuminate the historical and literary dimensions of Christian doctrine.

This book contributes to the study of religious history, mythological structures, and nineteenth-century critical theology, offering insight into the intellectual climate in which Christianity was reassessed through historical and comparative methods.

A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa

2026-02-18T13:14:46+03:00

A Footnote to History presents a detailed and urgent account of the political crises that afflicted Samoa during the late nineteenth century. What might appear as a marginal episode in broader imperial history is here expanded into a focused narrative, revealing the complexity of colonial rivalry, indigenous leadership struggles, and diplomatic mismanagement. Writing amid ongoing unrest, Stevenson sought to provide a truthful and balanced examination of events clouded by rumor, limited documentation, and conflicting international interests.

The work reflects both immediacy and moral engagement. Stevenson acknowledges the challenges of accuracy in a volatile environment and the personal delicacy required when describing individuals he knew directly. His aim is not sensationalism but clarity—offering candid observations even at the risk of personal cost. The book therefore functions simultaneously as political commentary, eyewitness testimony, and historical intervention intended to serve a country in distress.

Attention is also given to linguistic representation, particularly in the rendering of Samoan terms, underscoring the author’s concern for cultural precision. Ultimately, this volume transforms a seemingly peripheral colonial episode into a revealing study of power, diplomacy, and responsibility in the age of empire.

On Liberty

2026-02-18T14:30:52+03:00

On Liberty (1859) is one of the foundational texts of modern liberal political philosophy. In this influential essay, John Stuart Mill articulates a principled defense of individual freedom against both state authority and the “tyranny of the majority.” Mill argues that the only legitimate reason for exercising power over any member of a civilized society, against their will, is to prevent harm to others—a principle now known as the “harm principle.”

The work defends freedom of thought and expression as essential not only to personal development but also to social progress. Mill maintains that silencing dissenting opinions impoverishes public discourse, since even false views contribute to the clarification and strengthening of truth. He further explores the importance of individuality, arguing that diversity of character and lifestyle is a necessary condition for human flourishing and intellectual vitality.

Balancing utilitarian ethics with a robust commitment to civil liberties, On Liberty addresses enduring questions concerning freedom of speech, limits of governmental power, social conformity, and moral autonomy. The text remains central to debates in political theory, constitutional law, and democratic governance.

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave

2026-02-18T17:35:37+03:00

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) is one of the most powerful and influential slave narratives in American literature. In this autobiographical account, Frederick Douglass recounts his life in bondage, exposing the brutality, psychological violence, and moral corruption inherent in the institution of slavery.

The narrative traces Douglass’s early childhood separation from his mother, the harsh realities of plantation life, and his experiences under various masters. Central to the work is his acquisition of literacy, which he presents as the decisive turning point in his intellectual and moral awakening. Literacy becomes both a tool of self-liberation and a symbol of resistance against enforced ignorance.

Douglass also describes acts of physical and spiritual resistance, culminating in his escape to freedom and emergence as a leading abolitionist voice. The text combines personal testimony with sharp political critique, challenging pro-slavery arguments and confronting readers with the lived realities of enslavement.

Beyond autobiography, the work stands as a foundational document in abolitionist literature, African American history, and human rights discourse, shaping debates on race, freedom, and citizenship in the United States.

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

2026-02-18T13:52:36+03:00

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) is one of David Hume’s central philosophical works and a defining text of Enlightenment empiricism. In this refined and accessible reformulation of ideas first presented in A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume investigates the origins, limits, and reliability of human knowledge. He argues that all ideas ultimately derive from sensory impressions and that human understanding is grounded in experience rather than innate principles or rational deduction.

A central contribution of the work is Hume’s analysis of causation and induction. He contends that the connection we perceive between cause and effect is not logically necessary but arises from habit and custom formed through repeated observation. This skeptical insight challenges claims to certain knowledge about the external world, metaphysics, and even scientific reasoning.

Hume also addresses topics such as probability, liberty and necessity, miracles, and the nature of belief. His critique of miracles, in particular, applies empirical reasoning to religious testimony, marking a significant moment in the development of modern philosophy of religion.

Overall, the Enquiry presents a systematic examination of human cognition that reshaped debates in epistemology, metaphysics, and scientific method.

Representation of Deities of the Maya Manuscripts

2026-02-18T14:55:12+03:00

Representation of Deities of the Maya Manuscripts is a pioneering study of the iconography and classification of divine figures depicted in the surviving pre-Columbian Maya codices. In this foundational work, Paul Schellhas systematically analyzes the Dresden, Madrid, and Paris manuscripts, identifying recurring glyphs, attributes, and visual motifs associated with specific deities.

Schellhas introduced a practical alphanumeric classification system—labeling deities with letters (e.g., God A, God B, etc.)—to organize and compare figures whose original names were not yet deciphered. This methodological innovation allowed scholars to distinguish between gods of death, rain, maize, war, and other cosmological functions, establishing a structured framework for subsequent Maya epigraphy and iconographic research.

The study focuses on stylistic patterns, symbolic elements, and contextual placement within ritual and calendrical passages, contributing significantly to early twentieth-century efforts to decode Maya writing and religious thought. While later discoveries have refined and expanded understanding of Maya theology, Schellhas’s analytical approach remains influential in Mesoamerican studies.

The work stands as a landmark in the systematic interpretation of Maya codices and the broader study of pre-Columbian religion and symbolism.

A History of the United States

2026-02-18T13:30:22+03:00

A History of the United States is presented as both a historical study and a memorial tribute to its author, Cecil Edward Chesterton, who completed the work amid war and political struggle before his death in 1918. The preface frames the book not merely as a narrative of American development but as an intellectual defense of democratic principles grounded in reason, moral clarity, and political courage.

Chesterton approached American history with a distinctive philosophical lens, seeking to rationalize patriotism and to interpret the United States as a great democratic experiment shaped by contractual theory, civic equality, and resistance to centralized tyranny. His intellectual journey—from Fabian Socialism to Distributivism and Roman Catholicism—reveals a consistent commitment to logic, human dignity, and the moral foundations of political freedom.

The work situates American democracy within broader debates on equality, property, liberty, and state power, contrasting it with authoritarian and bureaucratic systems emerging in Europe. More than a conventional national history, the book serves as a principled reflection on democracy as both political structure and ethical commitment.

On the Duty of Civil Disobedience

2026-02-18T14:39:00+03:00

On the Duty of Civil Disobedience is a seminal essay in political philosophy in which Henry David Thoreau articulates a principled defense of individual conscience against unjust state authority. Written in response to his imprisonment for refusing to pay a poll tax—protesting slavery and the Mexican–American War—the essay argues that moral responsibility supersedes legal obligation.

Thoreau challenges the assumption that majority rule guarantees justice, asserting that democratic governments may perpetuate injustice when citizens passively comply with immoral laws. He contends that individuals must not permit governments to overrule their consciences and that nonviolent resistance—through refusal, withdrawal of cooperation, or principled dissent—is a legitimate and necessary form of political action.

Rather than advocating chaos, Thoreau envisions a higher form of civic responsibility grounded in ethical integrity and personal accountability. His reflections anticipate later movements of nonviolent resistance and influenced figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

The essay remains a foundational text in discussions of civil resistance, political obligation, and the limits of governmental authority in democratic societies.

History of The Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas

2026-02-18T14:10:44+03:00

History of the Spanish Conquest of Yucatan and of the Itzas offers a detailed examination of the prolonged and complex process through which Spanish forces subjugated the Yucatán Peninsula and the independent Maya polity of the Itzá. Unlike the rapid conquests of central Mexico and Peru, the Spanish advance in Yucatán unfolded over decades, marked by persistent resistance, shifting alliances, and geographic challenges.

Drawing upon colonial chronicles, missionary accounts, and documentary sources, the work reconstructs the political structures, military strategies, and cultural resilience of Maya communities prior to and during Spanish intervention. Particular attention is given to the Itzá kingdom of Petén, one of the last autonomous Indigenous states in Mesoamerica, whose final defeat in the late seventeenth century symbolized the completion of Spanish expansion in the region.

The study situates the conquest within broader imperial dynamics, including missionary activity, encomienda systems, and the transformation of Indigenous society under colonial rule. By integrating political, military, and cultural perspectives, the book contributes to the historiography of Mesoamerican resistance and colonial state formation, highlighting the distinct trajectory of Yucatán within the Spanish American empire.

Roman Britain in 1914

2026-02-18T17:26:03+03:00

Roman Britain in 1914 presents a comprehensive survey of archaeological research and discoveries relating to Roman occupation in Britain up to the early twentieth century. Compiled by Francis Haverfield, one of the foremost authorities on Roman provincial studies, the work functions as both a scholarly synthesis and a research guide, documenting excavations, inscriptions, military sites, urban remains, and material culture uncovered across Britain.

The study reviews developments in the understanding of Roman forts, roads, villas, and frontier systems, including Hadrian’s Wall, while also assessing epigraphic evidence and numismatic findings. Haverfield situates these discoveries within broader debates on Romanization, examining how Roman administrative structures, urban planning, and cultural practices interacted with indigenous British communities.

Beyond cataloguing archaeological progress, the book reflects the maturation of Romano-British studies as a disciplined field of inquiry, highlighting methodological standards, regional surveys, and the growing importance of systematic excavation.

As both a historical record of scholarship and a snapshot of archaeological knowledge in 1914, the volume remains valuable for understanding early twentieth-century interpretations of Roman provincial history and the evolution of classical archaeology in Britain.

An İnquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

2026-02-18T13:45:01+03:00

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) is a foundational work of classical political economy and one of the most influential texts in modern economic thought. In this comprehensive study, Adam Smith examines the sources of national prosperity, arguing that the wealth of a nation derives not from the accumulation of gold and silver, as maintained by mercantilist doctrine, but from the productive labor of its people and the efficient organization of markets.

Smith develops key concepts such as the division of labor, productivity growth, capital accumulation, and the operation of supply and demand. He famously articulates the principle that individuals pursuing their own interests within a competitive market framework can unintentionally promote the general welfare—an idea later summarized as the “invisible hand.” The work also explores taxation, public finance, international trade, and the proper functions of government, advocating limited but essential state intervention in areas such as justice, defense, and public works.

Beyond economics, the book offers a broader philosophical reflection on liberty, moral order, and the institutional foundations of commercial society, shaping debates on capitalism, free trade, and economic policy for centuries.

Pagan and Christian Rome

2026-02-18T14:47:26+03:00

Pagan and Christian Rome presents a richly documented exploration of Rome’s transformation from the religious and political center of the ancient pagan world to the heart of early Christianity. Drawing upon archaeological evidence, inscriptions, architectural remains, and historical sources, Rodolfo Lanciani examines how urban space, sacred architecture, and public life evolved between the imperial and late antique periods.

The work traces the gradual decline of traditional Roman cults and the parallel rise of Christian institutions, highlighting the coexistence, adaptation, and eventual supersession of pagan temples by churches and basilicas. Lanciani gives particular attention to catacombs, martyr shrines, and early Christian burial practices, illustrating how religious change reshaped both the physical and symbolic landscape of the city.

Beyond a narrative of religious transition, the book serves as an important contribution to classical archaeology and urban history, demonstrating how material culture reflects broader ideological and institutional transformations. By integrating topography, architecture, and religious history, Pagan and Christian Rome provides a comprehensive account of one of the most significant cultural shifts in Western civilization.

The Awakening of Turkey

2026-02-15T20:07:28+03:00

This volume examines the historical evolution of the Ottoman Empire from its Central Asian origins to the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. Beginning with the migration and expansion of Turkic forces into Southeastern Europe and Western Asia, the narrative traces the consolidation of imperial power following the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 under Mehmed II. For centuries the Ottoman state emerged as a major world power, strategically positioned between Europe and the Farther East. The study explores the empire’s gradual decline, marked by internal corruption, administrative weakness, financial bankruptcy, nationalist uprisings in the European provinces, and repeated wars with Russia and Greece. Particular attention is given to the geopolitical significance of the empire within European diplomacy and great power rivalry.

The work culminates in a detailed analysis of the political and social transformation that led to the Revolution of 1908, situating it within broader currents of reform and awakening across the Eastern world. Drawing upon first-hand observations, the author provides a contemporary account of constitutionalism, reform movements, and the reshaping of Ottoman political life. This book offers valuable insight into late Ottoman modernization, imperial decline, and the emergence of new political forces in the early twentieth century.

Turkish Literature

2026-02-15T20:43:26+03:00

This volume introduces the development of Turkish national literature within the broader intellectual history of the Ottoman Empire. Though long overshadowed by Arabic and Persian traditions, Ottoman literary culture gradually asserted a distinctive identity rooted primarily in Constantinople. The study traces three major periods of Turkish literature: the early phase (1301–1520), characterized by strong Persian influence in epic and mystical poetry; the classical period (1520–1730), during which the Turkish language achieved stylistic maturity under the patronage of rulers such as Suleyman I; and the later phase marked by engagement with European literary models, particularly in drama and journalism.

The volume presents translations of significant works, including Mohammed Fasli’s mystical poem The Rose and the Nightingale, the prose collection The History of the Forty Vezirs, selected Turkish fables, and Mirza Feth-Ali Akhound-Zadé’s drama The Magistrates. These texts reflect Ottoman poetic imagination, court culture, social life, legal corruption, political satire, and ethical thought. By situating Turkish verse, prose, and drama within both Eastern and European literary traditions, the book highlights the originality, linguistic flexibility, and cultural vitality of Ottoman literature. It offers valuable insight into the evolution of Turkish literary identity and its contribution to world literature.

Annals of the Turkish Empire

2026-02-14T17:08:00+03:00

Annals of the Turkish Empire (1591–1659) is the English translation of Mustafa Naima’s seminal Ottoman chronicle, a foundational primary source for the study of the seventeenth-century Ottoman Empire. Covering the years 1000–1070 AH (1591–1659 CE), this work documents major political, military, and administrative developments in early modern Eurasia. Naima records the Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary, frontier conflicts in Bosnia and Transylvania, imperial campaigns in Central Europe, internal revolts, court politics, and the appointments and dismissals of grand viziers and high officials.

As the first official Ottoman court historian (vak‘anüvis), Naima combines narrative historiography with political reflection, offering insight into Ottoman statecraft, imperial ideology, Islamic political thought, and early modern governance. The chronicle not only preserves detailed accounts of battles and diplomacy but also reflects the intellectual culture of the Ottoman ruling elite and the dynamics of empire during a period of transformation.

This edition makes one of the most significant works of Ottoman historiography accessible to contemporary scholars, historians, and researchers of early modern history, Islamic studies, and Eurasian imperial systems.

Under the Red Crescent

2026-02-14T18:23:11+03:00

Under the Red Crescent offers a compelling and historically significant first-hand account of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) from the unique perspective of a young Australian surgeon serving within the Ottoman ranks. Written by Charles S. Ryan in collaboration with John Sandes, the narrative captures the brutal reality of the legendary Siege of Plevna and the defense of Erzeroum. Published twenty years after the events, the book bridges the gap between raw battlefield experience and reflective military history, providing a "plain, straightforward account" of some of the last great battles fought in 19th-century Europe.

The work is particularly notable for its portrayal of the high-level access Ryan enjoyed due to his close ties with the Ottoman military elite. Through his friendship with Prince Czetwertinski and the personal confidence of Osman Pasha, Ryan was granted an unusual degree of autonomy on the battlefield. This allowed him to document not only the medical challenges of the era but also the tactical maneuvers and the extraordinary "military virtues" of the Ottoman troops. At a time when the "Eastern Question" once again threatens the regional balance, this open-access edition serves as an essential primary source for understanding Ottoman resilience, the horrors of late-19th-century warfare, and the personal bonds formed amidst the smoke of the redoubts.

The Turkish Empire

2026-02-14T15:27:01+03:00

The Turkish Empire presents a compact historical narrative of the rise and gradual decline of the Ottoman state from its foundation under Othman in 1288 to its modern disintegration. Motivated by the author’s long-standing engagement with the Eastern Question, the work combines historical synthesis with personal observation. Having witnessed the progressive loss of the Empire’s Christian provinces in Europe and its Muslim territories in Africa, the author situates Ottoman decline within the broader framework of nineteenth-century European diplomacy, nationalism, and reform. Drawing upon visits to Constantinople, Bulgaria, and Greece in the mid- and late nineteenth century, the narrative contrasts the limited transformation within Ottoman governance with the notable political and institutional developments in territories that achieved independence. The book also reflects contemporary debates surrounding Bulgarian independence and Greek territorial expansion, illustrating the geopolitical tensions that reshaped Southeastern Europe. Written in a concise and accessible style, the study aims to explain the structural weaknesses, administrative stagnation, and external pressures that contributed to the contraction of Ottoman power on the eve of the great transformations brought about by the First World War.

A Kut Prisoner

2026-02-14T18:43:13+03:00

The experiences related in the following pages are simply the individual fortunes of a subaltern of the Indian Army Reserve of Officers who had his first taste of fighting at the battle of Ctesiphon, and was afterwards taken prisoner by the Turks with the rest of the Kut Garrison, ultimately succeeding in escaping from Asia Minor. It is not intended to generalize in any way, since an individual, unless of exalted rank, sees as a rule only his own small environment and cannot pretend to speak for the majority of his comrades. The book is published in the hope that it may prove of interest to the many relatives and friends of the Kut prisoners. Acknowledgments are due to Messrs. Blackwood, the Times of India, and the Pioneer for their kind permission to republish those chapters which originally appeared in these papers.

A Manual of Moral Philosophy

2026-02-11T20:25:46+03:00

This book has been prepared, particularly, for the use of the Freshman Class in Harvard College. The author has, at the same time, desired to meet the need, felt in our high schools, of a manual of Moral Science fitted for the more advanced classes.

In the preparation of this treatise, the author has been at no pains to avoid saying what others had said before. Yet the book is original, so far as such a book can be or ought to be original. The author has directly copied nothing except Dugald Stewart's classification of the Desires. But as his reading for several years has been principally in the department of ethics, it is highly probable that much of what he supposes to be his own thought may have been derived from other minds. Of course, there is no small part of the contents of a work of this kind, which is the common property of writers, and must in some form reappear in every elementary manual.

Should this work be favorably received, the author hopes to prepare, for higher college-classes, a textbook, embracing a more detailed and thorough discussion of the questions at issue among the different schools—past and present—of ethical science.

Dr. Montessori’s Own Handbook

2026-02-10T23:01:05+03:00

As a result of the widespread interest that has been taken in my method of child education, certain books have been issued, which may appear to the general reader to be authoritative expositions of the Montessori system. I wish to state definitely that the present work, the English translation of which has been authorised and approved by me, is the only authentic manual of the Montessori method, and that the only other authentic or authorised works of mine in the English language are “The Montessori Method,” and “Pedagogical Anthropology.

Yunus Emre: Karizmatik Bir Halk Dervişinin Din ve Toplum Öğretisi

2026-02-02T17:07:48+03:00

Türk dilinin en değerli sütunlarından biri olan Yunus Emre Türk İslam düşünce tarihinin “ulul elbab” ünvanlı ismidir.13.yüzyılda Anadolu’da yaşamış sıradan bir derviş olmaktan öte insanlığın cihanşümul değerlerinin en gür seslerinden biri olarak kabul görür. Mevlana’nın “Ne olursan ol, yine gel.” düsturuna karşılık Yunus Emre’de “Yaratılanı hoş gör, Yaradan’dan ötürü” düsturunu görmekteyiz. Bu düsturlar, bireysel farklılıklara ve inançlara sahip bir toplumu bir arada tutan dinamik öğretilerdir. Yunus Emre, geçmişte olduğu gibi, şimdi ve gelecekte de, zamanların ve coğrafyaların ruhuna göre akademik ve sosyal mecralarda incelenmeye ihtiyaç duyulan bir hazine olarak hep var olacaktır.

Bu çalışma ile Yunus Emre’nin karizmatik şahsiyetinde “din” ve “toplum” anlayışı ele alınmıştır. Bu anlayışa göre, birey toplumun bir parçası olarak hayatını sürdürür. Bireyler gelip geçici iken toplumlar varlığını korur. Birey ya da toplum bu süreçte belirli aşamalardan geçer.

Her asırda ve her koşulda insana ait problemler vardır. Bu problemler psikolojik ve sosyal problemlerdir. Yunus Emre, yaşadığı asrın sözcüsü olarak yaşadığı toplumun insanlık problemlerini, sevinçlerini, kederlerini içtenlikle ele alan büyük bir şahsiyettir. Onun şahsiyeti karizmatik, yaşantısı örnek alınabilecek niteliktedir. Onun şiirlerinde herkes kendisi ile bir ilişki kurabilir. Ayrıca Yunus’un şiirlerinde dönemin toplumsal yapısının gerçeklerini de görebiliriz. Bir sosyolog ya da bir psikolog olmadığı halde toplumun problemleriyle içtenlikle ve büyük bir özenle ilgilenen Yunus, “çağımız insanının uzun tecrübelerden sonra bilincine vardığı insan değerini, yüzyıllar öncesinden dile getirmiştir. Bu durum, çağımız insanının yönünü Yunus’a ve tarihe doğru döndürürken, Yunus’u da çağlar ötesinden günümüze getirir.” (Şanlı, 2009:2)

Bilimsel çalışmalar ve araştırmalar insanlık için yapılıyorsa, gerçekleri görmek ve göz önüne sermek gerekir. Her dinin kutsal saydığı metinleri vardır. Bu metinlerde insanları barışa çağıran, barışı kutsayan ifadeler olduğu gibi; az ya da çok savaşı kutsayan savaşa izin veren ifadeler de bulunmaktadır. Yine öyle görünüyor ki her dine mensup din adamları arasında iyilik ve barış isteyen bireyler olduğu gibi, kötülük ve savaş isteyen bireyler de bulunmaktadır. Metaforik tabirle söylemek gerekirse, siyah giyinen adamlar ile beyaz giyinen adamlar aynı dünyada yaşamaktadırlar. Bugünün dünyasında savaş istemeyen barışsever din insanlarına düşen görevlerden biri metinler içinde geçen barışçıl ifadeleri, kendi yaşayış ve söyleyişleriyle evrenselleştirmek ve din adamları arasında da barışsever şahsiyetleri modelleştirmek olsa gerektir. İslam medeniyetinin yetiştirdiği bu tür örnek dini şahsiyetlerden bir tanesi de Yunus Emre'dir.

Zaman değişse bile toplumsal meseleler şekil değiştirerek varlığını korumaktadır. Yunus’un söylemlerine bugünün şartlarında dahi ihtiyaç duyduğumuz bir gerçektidir. Nitekim Yunus’un her çağa söyleyecek bir sözü vardır.

Çalışmamızda, eserleri ve görüşleriyle evrenselliğe ulaşmış, Türk tasavvuf dairesi içerisinde lider bir şahsiyet konumunda olan Yunus Emre’nin; hayatı, inanç dünyası ve asırlara meydan okuyarak günümüze kadar ulaşan şiirlerinin toplumsal yönü konusal bütünlük içerisinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı Yunus Emre’yi anlamak ve bu çağa anlatabilmektir.

SOKAK LEZZETLERİNE İLİŞKİN TÜKETİCİ TUTUMLARI: GAZİANTEP VE İSTANBUL ÖRNEKLERİ

2026-01-28T13:28:25+03:00

Yemeğin yalnızca biyolojik bir gereksinim olmadığı, aksine kültürün, kimliğin ve toplumsal belleğin güçlü bir taşıyıcısı olduğu gerçeği günümüzde daha görünür hâle gelmiştir. Özellikle turizm alanında yaşanan dönüşüm, ziyaretçilerin artık yalnızca mekânları değil; o mekânlara özgü yaşam biçimlerini, gündelik pratikleri ve yerel tatları deneyimlemek istediklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda sokak lezzetleri, yerel kültürün en canlı, en ulaşılabilir ve en sahici temsil alanlarından biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Sokak lezzetleri; üretildiği coğrafyanın tarihini, sosyal ilişkilerini ve kültürel kodlarını gündelik hayatın içine taşıyan özgün gastronomik unsurlardır. Resmî olmayan yapıları, doğrudan temas imkânı sunmaları ve spontane tüketim pratikleriyle hem yerel halk hem de turistler için güçlü bir deneyim alanı oluştururlar. Buna rağmen, bu lezzetlere yönelik tüketici tutumları ve tüketme niyetlerinin hangi dinamikler doğrultusunda şekillendiği konusu, akademik yazında uzun süre ikincil bir alan olarak kalmıştır.

Bu kitap, sokak lezzetlerini yalnızca “yenilen bir ürün” olarak değil; bireyin tutumları, sosyal çevresi, algıları ve niyetleriyle birlikte şekillenen çok boyutlu bir tüketim olgusu olarak ele almaktadır. Çalışmanın kuramsal temeli, Planlı Davranış Teorisi çerçevesinde oluşturulmuş; sokak lezzetlerine yönelik tutumlar, öznel normlar ve algılanan davranışsal kontrol unsurları bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Gaziantep ve İstanbul örnekleri üzerinden yürütülen analizler, farklı sosyo-demografik özelliklere sahip tüketicilerin sokak lezzetlerine yükledikleri anlamları ve bu anlamların davranışsal niyetlere nasıl dönüştüğünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Eserde, gastronomi ve turizm literatüründeki kuramsal birikim ile alan araştırmasından elde edilen bulgular bir araya getirilmiş; elde edilen sonuçlar yalnızca akademik tartışmalarla sınırlı kalmayarak, uygulamaya dönük çıkarımlar ve önerilerle desteklenmiştir. Bu yönüyle kitap, gastronomi turizmi, tüketici davranışları ve yerel mutfak çalışmaları alanında çalışan araştırmacılar için olduğu kadar; yerel yöneticiler, sektör temsilcileri ve kültürel mirasla ilgilenen tüm paydaşlar için de yol gösterici bir nitelik taşımaktadır.

Sokak lezzetlerinin kültürel mirasın korunması, destinasyon kimliğinin güçlendirilmesi ve sürdürülebilir turizm anlayışının geliştirilmesi açısından taşıdığı potansiyelin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı sunması dileğiyle, bu çalışmanın alanyazına ve uygulama alanlarına anlamlı bir kapı aralaması temenni edilmektedir.

SOKAK LEZZETLERİNE İLİŞKİN TÜKETİCİ TUTUMLARI: GAZİANTEP VE İSTANBUL ÖRNEKLERİ

2026-01-27T18:31:05+03:00